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    §Î¤W¹ê¦b½×ªº³Ì¤j§xÃø¦b©ó«üºÙ°ÝÃD(the problem of reference)¡C¦]¬°¡A­Y§Ú­Ì±µ¨ü¥¦¡A¨º»ò§Ú­Ì«K­n±µ¨ü¡uÆ[©À¥@¬É¡v(notional world) »P¡u¯u¹ê¥@¬É¡v(real world) ¤§°Ï¤À4¡C¦p¬O¡A¡u«ä·QªÌªº¡]¥Lªº¤ßÆF©Î¤j¸£ªº¡^²Å¸¹¬O«ç¼Ë¦P¥~³¡¹ï¶H©Î¥~³¡¹ï¶H¶°¦Xµo¥Í¤@ºØ¤@¤@¹ïÀ³ªº²Å¦XÃö«Y©O¡H ¡v(RTH: 51, 27, 41) «K¦¨¬°ÄY®mªº°ÝÃD¡C

    ¸Õ·Q¹³§Ú­Ì¬Ò¬O²Ú¤¤¤§¸£(brains in a vat)¡A§Ú­Ìªº¸£¬Ò³Q©ñ¶i¤@­Ó²±¦³ºû«ù¸£¦s¬¡ªºÀç¾i²Gªº¤j²Ú¤¤¡A¦Ó¸£ªº¯«¸g¥½±é³Q³s±µ¦b¤@¥x¶W¯Å¹q¸£¤W¡A³o¥x¶W¯Å¹q¸£¨Ï±o©Ò¦³²Ú¤¤¤§¸£¸g¾úµÛ¦³¦p¤é±`¤Hªº¸gÅç¡A¦ý³o¨Ç²Ú¤¤¤§¸£©Ò¸gÅç¨ìªº¡§¾ã­Ó¥@¬É¡¨¡A¨ä¹ê¬O³o¥x¶W¯Å¹q¸£»s³y¥X¨Óªº¶°Åé¤Ûı(RTH: 6~8)¡C³o­ÓÃhºÃ¥D¸qªÌ³ß·R¥Îªº°²³](RTH: 6)¦³¥i¯à¦¨¥ß¶Ü¡H¦b§Î¤W¹ê¦b½×ªº¥ßÔ·¬Ý¡Aµª®×¬OªÖ©wªº¡C¦]¬°¯u¹ê¥@¬É¬O¤£¨Ì¿à©ó§Ú­ÌªºÆ[©À¥@¬Éªº¡A©Ò¥H¤£ºÞ§Ú­Ìªº«H©ÀÅé¨t¬O¦h¿Ä³e¡B¦h²³æ©Î¬O¹w´ú¤O¦h±j¡A§Ú­Ì¾Ö¦³ªº«H©ÀÅé¨t¤´µM¥i¥H¬O°²ªº(RTH: 122)¡C¯u¹ê¥@¬É¦³¥i¯à¤£¬O§Ú­Ì©Ò¬Û«Hªº¨º­Ó¼Ë¤l¡A©Î³\§Ú­Ì¯u¬O²Ú¤¤¤§¸£¡C

    ¦ý´¶¯S«n«ü¥X¡A°£«D§Î¤W¹ê¦b½×ªÌ¹w³]¤F¡u¯«¯¦ªº«üºÙ½×¡v(magical theories of reference)¡A§Y¬O¥D±i»yµü¡B«äºû°O¸¹©Î¤ßÆFªí¶H»P¥¦­Ì©Ò«üºÙªºªF¦è¤§¶¡¨ã¦³©T¦³ªº(intrinsic)¡B¤º¦bªº(built-in)Ápô(RTH: 3~5, 16, 51)¡A§_«h²Ú¤¤¤§¸£ªº°²³]¬O¦Û§Ú±À½ªº(self-refuting) (RTH: 7)¡C¥Lªº½×µý¬O³o¼Ëªº¡G

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[3]©Ò¥H¡A­YªG§Ú­Ì¯u¬O²Ú¤¤¤§¸£¡A¨º»ò·í§Ú­Ì»¡¡u§Ú­Ì¬O²Ú¤¤¤§¸£¡v¬O¯uªº®É¡A¡u§Ú­Ì¬O²Ú¤¤¤§¸£¡v«K¬O°²ªº¡C(RTH: 15, 51)

°²­Y¡A§Ú­Ì¹w¥ý±µ¨ü¤F¬YºØ¯«¯¦ªº«üºÙ½×¡A¨Ò¦p¬Û«H¦³¡§²z´¼®g½u¡¨(noetic rays)±N»yµü»P¥¦­Ì«üºÙª«³s°_¨Ó¡A©ÎªÌ¬Û«H¹ï¶H©T¦³¦a·|¹ïÀ³»yµü¡Ð¡Ð¦Û§Ú½T»{ªº¹ï¶H(Self-Identifying Objects) (RTH:51~54)¡A¨º»ò¡u§Ú­Ì¬O²Ú¤¤¤§¸£¡v¤~¥i·N«ü§Ú­Ì¬O²Ú¤¤¤§¸£¡A¦Ó«D§Ú­Ì¬O¼v¶H¤¤ªº²Ú¤¤¤§¸£¡C¥Ñ¦¹¥i¨£¡A§Î¤W¹ê¦b½×ªÌªº¨âÃø¬O¡G

[4]­Y§Î¤W¹ê¦b½×ªÌ±µ¨ü¡uÆ[©À¥@¬É¡v»P¡u¯u¹ê¥@¬É¡v¤§°Ï¤À¡A«h²Ú¤¤¤§¸£ªº°²³]«K¦³¥i¯à¡C­Y²Ú¤¤¤§¸£ªº°²³]¦³¥i¯à¡A«h§Î¤W¹ê¦b½×ªÌ«K­n±µ¨ü¡u¯«¯¦ªº«üºÙ½×¡v5¡F©ÎªÌ

[5]­Y§Î¤W¹ê¦b½×ªÌ¤£±µ¨ü¡uÆ[©À¥@¬É¡v»P¡u¯u¹ê¥@¬É¡v¤§°Ï¤À¡A«h²Ú¤¤¤§¸£ªº°²³]«K¤£¥i¯à¡C¦ý§_©w¡uÆ[©À¥@¬É¡v»P¡u¯u¹ê¥@¬É¡v¤§°Ï¤À¡A«K¬O§_©w§Î¤W¹ê¦b½×ªº¥ß³õ¡C

¹ï©ó¤º¦b¹ê¦b½×ªÌ¨Ó»¡¡A³o¨âÃø¨Ã¤£¦s¦b¡A¦]¬°¥L­Ì§_©w¡uÆ[©À¥@¬É¡v»P¡u¯u¹ê¥@¬É¡v¤§°Ï¤À¡A¡§¹ï¶H¡¨¨Ã¤£¬O¿W¥ß©ó·§©À¬[ºc¤§¥~¦s¦bªº¡A¹ï©ó·§©À¬[ºc¨Ó»¡¡A¹ï¶H©M«äºû°O¸¹¦P¼Ë³£¬O¤º³¡ªº¡A¨º»ò»¡¤°»ò¹ï¶H¹ïÀ³¤°»ò°O¸¹¨Ã¤£§xÃø(RTH: 52)¡C¥Ñ¦¹¡A¤º¦b¹ê¦b½×ªº²Ä¤@­Ó½×¦®¬O¡G

(IR1)¡u¥@¬É¬O¥Ñ¤°»ò¹ï¶Hºc¦¨ªº¡H¡v³o­Ó°ÝÃD¥u¦³¦b¤@­Ó·§©À¬[ºc¤º³¡´£¥X®É¡A¤~¬O¦³·N¸qªº(RTH: 49)

­Y(IR1)¦¨¥ß¡A«h¡u¯«¥Ø¯u²zÆ[(God¡¦s Eye view of truth)¡v(RTH: 50)¡G§Yµø¯u²z¬°Æ[©À¥@¬É¡]©Î§Ú­Ìªº·§©À¡^¶W¶V¦a¡§¤Ç°t¡¨(match)¥»Åé¥@¬É(the noumenal world ) ¡]©Î§¹¥þ¥¼¨ü·§©À¤Æ«I¬VªºªF¦è¡^ªºÆ[ÂI«K¬OµL·N¸qªº(RTH: 134, 54)¡C¨º»ò¡A´¶¯S«n¦p¦ó»¡©ú¯u²z³oÆ[©À©O¡H

    ­º¥ý¥L¨Ã¤£¤Ï¹ïµ¥»ù­ì«h(the equivalence principle)¡A¨S¦³¥O¤H«HªAªº¯u²z½×·|§_©w¡u³·¬O¥Õªº¡vµ¥­È©ó¡u¡y³·¬O¥Õªº¡z¬O¯uªº¡v¡C¦ý´¶¯S«n«ü¥Xµ¥»ù­ì«h¡]©Î«Ø°ò¦b¨ä¤§¤Wªº¶ð´µ°ò¯u²z½×(Tarski¡¦s theory of truth)¡^¬OªÅ¬}ªº¡A¯Â§Î¦¡ªº³¯­z¦Ó¤w(RTH: 129)¡A¦]¬°¥¦¨Ã¥¼§i¶D§Ú­Ì¬ÛÀ³ªº¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¼Ð·Ç(standards of rational acceptability)¬O¤°»ò¡A§Y¦ó®ÉÀ³¸Ó¡B¦ó®É¤£À³¸Ó±µ¨ü¬Y¨Ç­z¥y¬°¯u(RTH: 137)¡C¨Ò¦p¡A§Ú­Ì¤@¯ë³£»{¬°¨Ì¾a¬ì¾Ç¤èªk¨Ó½T©w³·¬O§_¥Õªº¡A¤~¬O¦X²z¦a¥i±µ¨üªº¡A­YªG¦³¤H¥Î¨D¯«°Ý¤R©Î¨ä¥L«D¬ì¾Ç¤èªk¨Ó½T©w³·¬O§_¥Õªº¸Ü¡A«h§Ú­Ì·|«ü³d³o¨Ç¤Hªº°µªk¬O¤£¦X²zªº¡B¤£¥i±µ¨üªº¡C©úÅã¦a¡A§Ú­Ìªº«ü³d¹w³]¤F¤@®M¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¼Ð·Ç¡C¦]¦¹¡A­n½T©w¤°»ò¬O¯u²z¡A¤£¯à¤£¯A¤Î¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¼Ð·Ç¡A©Ò¥H´¶¯S«n»¡¡G¡u¯u²z¥»¨­±q§Ú­Ìªº¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¼Ð·Ç¤§¤¤Àò±o¥Í©R¡v(RTH: 130)¡C

©Î³\¡A¦³¤H·|½èºÃ²z©Ê©Î¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¡A¦³¥i¯à¬O¥DÆ[ªº¡B¬Û¹ïªº¡A¨º»ò«ç¼Ë¥i«Oµý¨ì¯u²z¤£¬O¥DÆ[ªº¡B¬Û¹ïªº©O¡HÅãµM¡A´¶¯S«nªº¤º¦b¹ê¦b½×­n¸ò³o¨Ç¥DÆ[¥D¸q¡B¬Û¹ï¥D¸q¹º²M¬É½u¡C

¤£¹L¡A­º¥ý­nª`·Nªº¬O¡A´¶¯S«n¨Ã¤£¥D±i¦³¤@®M¤£Åܪº¡§ªk³W¡¨(canons)©Î¡§­ì«h¡¨(principles)¨Ó¬É©w²z©Ê¬O¤°»ò(RTH: x)¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¥L¤Ï¹ï¡u§P·Ç©Êªº²z©ÊÆ[¡v(criterial conception of rationality)¡A§Y¥D±i¦s¦bµÛ¬É©w¤°»ò¬O¥i¦X²z¦a±µ¨ü¡B¤°»ò¤£¬O¥i¦X²z¦a±µ¨üªº«Ø¨î¤Æ³W½d(institutionalized norms) (RTH: 110)¡C¥Lªº½×µý¬O¡G

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[10]¬G¦¹¡A¤@¤è­±¥D±iC¬°²z©Êªº§P·Ç¡F¦Ó¥t¤@¤è­±¤S½×ÅGC¬O¦X²zªº¡A³o¬O¦Û§Ú±À½ªº(RTH: 111)

¦]¦¹¡A¨Ã¤£¦s¦b¤¤¥ßªº(neutral)²z©ÊÆ[°µ¬°¡§¤£ª§ªº°ò¦¡¨(uncontroversial foundation)¨ÓµûÂ_½Öªº²z©ÊÆ[§ó¦X²z(RTH: 136, 109, 215)¡C¦ý´¶¯S«n»{¬°¡A§Ú­Ì¤£¯à¦]¦¹«K¥²¶·±µ¨ü¥DÆ[¥D¸q¡B¬Û¹ï¥D¸qªº¥ß³õ¡C

    ´¶¯S«n¤OÅG¥DÆ[¥D¸q¡Ð¡Ð¡u¤èªk½×ªº°ß§Ú½×¡v(methological solipsism)6¬O¦Û§Ú±À½ªº(RTH: 135)¡C­YªG¤@¤Á¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¡A³Ì²×³£¬O®Ú¾Ú§Ú­Ì¨C¤@­Ó¤H¡A¹ï¤§¨ã¦³¨p¤Hª¾ÃÑ(private knowledge)ªº¸gÅç(RTH: 122)¡A¨º»ò§Ú­Ì¨C¤@­Ó¤H¦Û¤v¡A¦p¦ó¦³·N¸q¦a°Ï§O¥X¥¿½T(being right)»P¥H¬°¦Û¤v¥¿½T(thinking I am right) (¦P¤W)©O¡H·í§Ú§PÂ_¬Y²z½×¬O¦X²zªº®É­Ô¡A§Ú·íµM­n¨D§Úªº§PÂ_¬O¥¿½Tªº¡A¦Ó«D¥u¬O§Úı±o§Úªº§PÂ_¬O¥¿½Tªº¡F·í§Ú¨Ï¥Î¬Y»yµü®É¡A§Ú­n¨Dªº¬O¥¿½T¦a¨Ï¥Î¥¦¡A¦Ó«D¥u¬O§Úı±o§Ú¥¿½T¦a¨Ï¥Î¥¦¡C¦ý°£«D¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¡B»yµüªº¨Ï¥Î¡A¦³«ÈÆ[ªº¡]«D¥ô·Nªº¡^À³¥Î¼Ð·Ç¡A§_«h³Ì²×³£¤£§K´`Àô¦a¶D½Ñ¦Û¤vªº¨p¤H·Pı¡A§Y¥H¦Û¤vı±o¦Û¤v¬O¥¿½Tªº·Pı¨Ó¤ä«ù¦Û¤vªº¬O¥¿½Tªº¡C­YªG¤èªk½×ªº°ß§Ú½×ªÌ¤£¯à¦³·N¸q¦a°Ï§O¥X¥¿½T»P¥H¬°¦Û¤v¥¿½T¡A«h¥L­Ì¥ç¤£¯à¦³·N¸q¦a°Ï§O¥X¦Û¤v¬O¦b«ä·Q¡B§PÂ_¡B»¡¸Ü¡AÁÙ¬O¥u¦b¤Û·Q¡BµoÁn¡A©Ò¥H¡A¤èªk½×ªº°ß§Ú½×ªÌ¬J§â¦Û¤v¬Ý¦¨»¡¸ÜªÌ©Î«ä·QªÌ¡A¦Ó¤S¤£¯à§â¦Û¤v¬Ý¦¨»¡¸ÜªÌ©Î«ä·QªÌ(RTH: 124)¡C

    ¦ý¬O¡A±Æ°£¤F¥DÆ[ªºÆ[ÂI¡A¤£µ¥©ó§_©w±¼¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¬O¬Û¹ïªº¥i¯à©Ê¡A¦]¬°¦³¥i¯à¨C¤@ºØ¤å¤Æ¡B¾ú¥v®É¥N©Î½×­z¡A¬Ò¦³¥¦¦Û¤vªº¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¼Ð·Ç(RTH: 113, 121)¡A­YªG¥t¤@¤å¤Æ¬O¸ò§Ú­Ì¡§¤£¥i¦@¶qªº¡¨(incommensurable)¡A¨º»ò§Ú­Ì«ç¯à§PÂ_¥L­Ìªº¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¼Ð·Ç¬O§_¤ñ§Ú­Ìªº§ó¦X²zªº©O¡H´¶¯S«nªº¦^µª¬O¡A³oºØ¤å¤Æªº¬Û¹ï¥D¸q¤]¬O¦Û§Ú±À½ªº¡C¦]¬°¡A­Y¤£¥i¦@¶q½×¦®¬O¯uªº¡A§Y¥t¤@­Ó¤å¤Æ¡B¾ú¥v®É¥N¤¤¡A¬Æ©Î½×­z¤¤¨Ï¥Îªº»yµü¡A¦b·N¸q©Î«üºÙ¤W³£¤£¯à»P§Ú­Ì¾Ö¦³ªº»yµü©Îªí¹F(expressions)¹º¤Wµ¥¸¹(RTH: 124)¡Aµ²ªG«K¬O§Ú­ÌµLªk½Ķ§Oªº»y¨¥¡AµLªk¹ï³o¨Ç¦³¾÷Å骺Án­µ§@¥X¸àÄÀ¡C¦b¦¹±¡ªp¤U¡A¤@­Ó¤@­Pªº¬Û¹ï¥D¸qªÌ´N¤£À³¸Ó§â¥LªÌ¡A¬Ý¦¨»¡¸ÜªÌ¡B«ä·QªÌ¬Æ¦Ü¬O¤H(persons) (RTH: 114, 124)¡C­YªG¤å¤Æ¬Û¹ï¥D¸qªÌ¤@­±»¡¦÷§Q²¤¨ã¦³¤£¥i¦@¶qªºÆ[©À¡A¥t¤@­±¤S¸Ô²Ó´y­z³o¨ÇÆ[©À¡AÅãµM¡A³o¬O¦Û§Ú±À½ªº¡C(RTH: 115)

    ¥i¨£¡A²z©Ê¬J«Dµ´¹ïªº¡B¤£Åܪº¡F¥ç«D¥DÆ[ªº¡B¬Û¹ïªº(RTH: x)¡C´¶¯S«n¥D±i²z©Ê¬O¦b¾ú¥v¤¤´ÂµÛ²z·Qªº¥Ø¼Ð¤£Â_µo®iªº(RTH: x, 216)¡C´¶¯S«n»{¬°¨Ï±o¤@­Ó­z¥y¡B¾ã­Ó­z¥yÅé¨t¡B²z½×©Î·§©À¬[ºc¨ã¦³¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê(rational acceptability)¡A¦b«Ü¤jµ{«×¤W¡A¬O¨ú¨M©ó»{ª¾©ÊÀuÂI(epistemic virtues)ªº¡A¨Ò¦p¿Ä³e©Ê(coherence)¡B²³æ©Ê(simplicity)¡B¥þ­±©Ê(comprehensiveness)¡B¥\®Ä©Ê(instrumental efficacy)µ¥(RTH: 132~134, 135, 55)¡A¥¿¦p§Ú­Ì·|§åµû¤@­Ó¤£¿Ä³eªº²z½×¬O¤£¦X²zªº¡A¦Ó¿ï¨ú¤@­Ó¸û²³æªº²z½×¬O¤ñ¿ï¨ú¤@­Ó¸û½ÆÂøªº²z½×§ó¦X²zªº¡CÅãµM¡A­n§¹º¡¦a¹F­P¤W­zªº­n¨D¬O¤@­Ó²z·Q¡A¥i¥HºÙ¤§¬°¡u»{ª¾ªº²z·Q±ø¥ó¡v(epistemically ideal conditions)¡A­Y¤@­Ó­z¥y¦b»{ª¾ªº²z·Q±ø¥ó¤U±o¨ìµý¦¨¡A¨º»ò³o­z¥y«K¬O¯uªº(RTH: 55)¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤º¦b¹ê¦b½×ªº²Ä¤G­Ó½×¦®¬O¡G

(IR2)¡§¯u²z¡¨¬O¬YºØ¡]²z·Q¤Æ¡^¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê (¡¥Truth¡¦ is some sort of (idealized) rational acceptability) (RTH:50)

    ¦ý¬°¦ó§Ú­Ì±ý¨D¤@­Ó²z½×¨ã³Æ³o¨Ç»{ª¾©ÊÀuÂI©O¡H³oÅãµM¸ò§Ú­Ì¹ï©ó¤°»ò¬O¤HÃþ»{ª¾¿³²±µo¹F( huma n cognitive flourishing)ªº·Qªk¦³Ãö¡C§Ú­Ì·|§åµû¤@­Ó¤£¿Ä³eªº¡B½ÆÂøªº¡B¤ù­±ªº¤ÎµL¥\®Äªº¥@¬ÉÆ[¬O¯fºAªº¡]¦Ü¤Ö»{ª¾¤W¡^¡A³oÅã¥Ü¥X¨ã³Æ»{ª¾©ÊÀuÂIªº¥@¬ÉÆ[¤~¬Oª¾ÃѤW¿³²±µo¹Fªº¼Ð»x¡C·íµM¡A¤HÃþ»{ª¾¿³²±µo¹Fªº·Qªk¬O¤£¯à»P§Ú­Ì¦³Ãö¤HÃþ¿³²±¡B©¯ºÖªº·Qªk(our idea of total human flourishing, of Eudaemonia) (RTH: 134, 136, xi ) ³ÎÂ÷¶}¨Óªº¡C¦]¦¹¡A§Ú­Ì¦³Ãö²z©Êªº·Qªk¬O§Ú­Ì¦³Ãö¤HÃþ©¯ºÖªº·Qªk¤§¤@³¡¥÷ (RTH: xi)¡C²²¤¨¥¤§¡A´¶¯S«nªº«ä¸ô¬O¡G¯u²z½×¹w³]²z©Ê½×¡A¦Ó²z©Ê½×¤S¹w³]»ù­È½×(theory of the good) (RTH:215)¡C

    ¥Ñ¦¹¡A¤£Ãø¤F¸Ñ´¶¯S«n·|§_©w¨Æ¹ê»P»ù­ÈªººIµM¤G¤À¡C¦]¬°«ö·Ó¥Lªº·Qªk¡A¯u²z·§©À¤º®e¤W­Ê¿à§Ú­Ìªº¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¼Ð·Ç (¦P¤W)¡A¨º»ò§P©w¤°»ò¬O¨Æ¹êªº°ß¤@§P·Ç¡A´N¬O¬Ý¤°»ò¬O¦X²z¦a¥i±µ¨üªº (RTH: x)¡A¬JµM¥R·í¦X²zªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¼Ð·Çªº»{ª¾©ÊÀuÂI¡A¥»¨­´N¬O»ù­È»yµü(value terms)¡A¥¦­Ì¸ò¡§¬ü¡¨¡B¡§µ½¡¨¤@¼Ë¬O¥Î§@Æg½à¡A¦Ó§Ú­Ì¹ï©ó¡§¿Ä³e¡¨¡B¡§Â²³æ¡¨ªº·Qªk¡A¤]¦p¨ä¥L»ù­È»yµü¤@¼Ë¡A¬O¨ü¾ú¥v±ø¥ó­­¨îªº¡A§ó¤£¥Î»¡¡A¦³Ãö¥¦­Ìªº­õ¾Çª§½×¤£·|¤ñ­Û²zªº¡B¬ü¾Çªº»ù­È»yµü¤§ª§½×¤Ö(RTH: 136)¡C¦]¦¹¡A¨S¦³»ù­È¡A§Ú­Ì´N¨S¦³¥@¬É¡A¥ç¨S¦³¨Æ¹ê (RTH: 136, 137, 201)¡A¨Æ¹ê»P»ù­È¥u¬O¤@­Ó·¥¬°¼Ò½kªº(hopelessly fuzzy)°Ï¤À(RTH: 128, 139)¡A¨âªÌ¨Ã«D¨â­Ó¤¬¬Û¿W¥ß¡B¬É°ì¤À©úªº»â°ì¡C

    ³o¥ç»¡©ú¤F¡A¬°¦ó¡u¨ì©³½Ö¹ï²z©Ê¥»¨­ªº·Qªk¬O¦X²zªº©O¡H¡v³o­Ó°ÝÃD¤§Ãø¡A«ê¦p­nµý¦¨¤@­Ó­Û²zÅé¨t¤§Ãø(RTH: 136)¡C¦AªÌ¡A²{¥N¤H¤j³£±µ¨ü¨Æ¹ê»P»ù­Èªº¤G¤À¡A»ù­È¥²©w¬O·N§Óªº¥ô·N¿ï¾Ü¡A¬G¨S¦³¦X²z©Ê¥i¨¥(RTH: 154)¡C¨º»ò°Z«D§Ú­Ìªº²z©ÊÆ[¡A¤£¥i»¡¦X²z»P§_¶Ü¡H¦ý´¶¯S«n«ü¥X¡A¤ä«ù»ù­È¬O¥ô·N¡B«D²z©Êªº½×µý³£¬O¾Ç²z¤W¯¸¤£¦íªº¡A¤j²³¤§©Ò¥H¤´«H©^¨Æ¹ê»P»ù­Èªº¤G¤À¡A¤D¬O¬ì¾Ç¹ï²{¥N²z©ÊÆ[³y¦¨ªº¼vÅT¡C²{¥N¤H¥H¬°¥u¦³ª«²z¾Ç¤~¯à¹ï¡§¥@¬É¦s¦bªº¤è¦¡¡¨´£¨Ñ¯u¹êªº¡B§¹³Æªº´y­z(RTH: 49)¡A³o¨Ï±o¤H­Ì¶É¦V±N¨º¨Ç¤£¯à¤Æ¬ù¦¨ª«²z¾Çªº´y­zªº­z¥y¡Aµø¬°¥DÆ[ªº(RTH: 143, 144)¡AÅãµM»ù­È­z¥y«K³Q¹º¬°¥DÆ[ªº¡C¦ý­Y³o²z¥Ñ¦¨¥ß¡A¨º»ò§Ú­Ì«K­n±µ¨ü«Ü¦h­z¥y¡A¨Ò¦p¦³ÃöÃC¦â¡B¦ÛµM¼Æ¡B¤ßÆFª¬ºA¡A¤]¬O¥DÆ[ªº(RTH: 146~147, 205)¡C¤£¹L¡A±À½¨Æ¹ê»P»ù­Èªº¤G¤À¡A¥ç«Dªí¥Ü©Ò¦³»ù­È­z¥y¬Ò¬O¦X²zªº¡A¦ý¦Ü¤Ö¥i¥H¦s¦b¦³²z¥Ñ¤ä«ùªº»ù­È­z¥y(RTH: 155)¡C

    ÁöµM»ù­È¤£¬O¥DÆ[ªº¡A¦ý¥¦¸ò²z©Ê¤@¼Ë¡A³£¬O¾ú¥v©Êªº¡A¨Ã¤£¦s¦b¤@®M¤@³Ò¥Ã¶h¦a¬É©w¤HÃþ¿³²±¤§¤º®eªº¡A«D¾ú¥vªº¹D¼w­ì«h(RTH:xi)¡C»ù­È½×¥»¨­¹w³]¦³Ãö¤H©Ê¡BªÀ·|¡B¦t©zªººØºØ°²©w¡]¥]¬A¯«¾Ç©M§Î¤W¾Çªº°²©w¡^¡CÀHµÛ§Ú­Ìª¾ÃѪº¼Wªø¡A¥@¬ÉÆ[ªºÅܤơA»ù­È½×«K·|ÀH³o¨Ç°²©wªº§ïÅܦӦ³Åܧó(RTH:215)¡C§Ú­Ì¥u¯à§Æ±æ±q¦Û¨­ªº¶Ç²Î¥Xµo¡A¸ò¨º¨Ç«ù¦³¤£¦P²z©ÊÆ[¡B¹D¼wÆ[ªº¤H¶i¦æ¹ï¸Ü¡A±q¦Ó°l´M§ó¦nªº¡B§ó¦X²zªº²z©ÊÆ[¡B¹D¼wÆ[¡C­õ¾Çªº¤u§@¥¿¦b©ó¡A¹ï²z©Êªº¥»½è(the nature of rationality)¶i¦æ¤£Â_ªº½×ÅG¡A±q¦Ó¹ï²z©Êµo®i¥X§ó¨Îªº­õ¾Ç¤F¸Ñ(RTH: 113,105)¡C¨º»ò¡A¦³¯u¥¿ªº²z©ÊÆ[¡B¹D¼wÆ[¶Ü¡H³o­Ó¹ï¸Ü¦³²z·Qªº²×ÂI¶Ü¡H´¶¯S«n¬Û«H·í§Ú­Ì§â¤£¦PªºÆ[ÂIµø¬°¤£¦Pªº²z©ÊÆ[®É¡A«K³]©w¤@­Ó²z·Q¯u²zªº·¥­­·§©À(a limit-concept of the ideal truth) ¤F(RTH:216)¡C

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1  Hilary Putnam, Reason, Truth and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981)¡C¥H¤U²ºÙ¡¥RTH¡¦¡A«á­±¦C¥Xªº¬O­¶½X¡C
2 
¡u¿W¥ß©ó¤ßÆF¡v(mind-independent)­n¥[¥H­­¨î¤~¾A·í¡A¦]¬°¦Ü¤Ö¤Hªº¤ßÆFª¬ºA«K¤£¬O¡u¿W¥ß©ó¤ßÆF¡vªº¡C«Ü¤Ö¡B¬Æ¦Ü¨S¦³§Î¤W¹ê¦b½×ªÌ·|¥D±i¦b¥@¬É¤¤¤£¦s¦b¤Hªº¤ßÆFª¬ºA¡C¦]¦¹¡A»¡¡u¿W¥ß©ó½×­z¡v(discourse)©Î¡u¿W¥ß©ó·§©À¬[ºc¡v(conceptual framework)¦ü§ó¦X¾A¡A¨£RTH:128, 49, xi, 50, 128, 134¡C
3  ²§¤Æªº¯u²zÆ[´N¬O¨Ï¤H¥¢¥h¡u¦Û§Ú¡Ð¥@¬É¡v³o¾ãÅ骺¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó³¡¥÷ªºÆ[ÂI¡A¨£RTH: xi¡C
4  ©ÎªÌ¬ÛÃþ¦üªº°Ï¤À¡A¨Ò¦p¡u«H©À¡v(beliefs)»P¡u¬A¸¹¤º«H©À¡v(bracketed beliefs)¡A¡u·N¦V¡v(intentions)»P¡u¬A¸¹¤º·N¦V¡v(bracketed intentions)¤§°Ï¤À¡A¥t¥~´¶¯S«n¦³®É¥æ´«¨Ï¥Î¡uÆ[©À¥@¬É¡v¡B¥DÆ[«H©ÀÅé¨t(subjective belief system)¡A¨£RTH: 43-44, 28¡C
5 ¦³¤H»{¬°§Î¤W¹ê¦b½×ªÌ¥i¥H¶D½Ñ¦]ªG«üºÙ½×(causal theory of reference)¨Ó¸Ñ¨M«üºÙ°ÝÃD¡A´¶¯S«n»{¬°¦]ªG«üºÙ½×¸Ñ¨M¤£¤F¡u©T©w«üºÙ¡v(reference fixing)ªº°ÝÃD¡A¥Lªº½×µý¨£RTH: 32~48, 217~218¡C
6 RTH: 121¡A´¶¯S«nµø¤èªk½×ªº°ß§Ú½×¬O¤@ºØ¬Û¹ï¥D¸q¡A¦ýµ§ªÌ»{¬°ºÙ¤§¬°¥DÆ[¥D¸q¸û¶K¤Á¡C

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