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¡@¡@As the realisation overcame me that, at the time, there was no true philosophy at the universities, I thought that facing such a vacuum even he who was too weak to create his own philosophy, had the right to hold forth about philosophy, to declare what it once was and what it could be.)

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¡@¡@The fact is that there no longer exists any interest either in the form or the content of metaphysics or in both together.)

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¡@¡@If it is remarkable when a nation has become indifferent to its constitutional theory, to its national sentiments, its ethical customs and virtues, it is certainly no less remarkable when a nation loses its metaphysics, when the spirit which contemplates its own pure essence is no longer a present reality in the life of the nation.¡^

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¡@¡@µM¦Ó¡A»¡¹ê¦bªº¡A­õ¾Ç«ç»ò·|¬O¾Ç±o¨ìªº©O¡H¨C¤@­Ó­õ¾Çªº«ä¦ÒªÌ¥i¥H»¡³£¬O±q¥L¤H¼o¼V¤W«Øºc¥L¦Û¤vªº¤u§@¡F¦ý¬O¤£¦s¦b¨º¼Ë¤@ºØ©Ò¦³ªº³¡¤À³£¥ÃùÚªº¤H¬°ªº¦¨ªG¡C©Ò¥H¤]´N¬O»¡¡A§Y¨Ï¬O¥Ñ¤_³o­Ó­ì¦]¡A¨S¦³¤H¯à¾Ç·|®Ú¥»¤£¦s¦bªº­õ¾Ç¡C¦ý¬O¡A§Y«K¦³¤@­Ó²{¦¨ªº­õ¾Ç¦s¦b¡A¤]¨S¦³¤H¯à°÷¦b¾Ç¤F¥¦¤§«á¥i¥HÁnºÙ¦Û¤v¬O­õ¾Ç®a¡A¦]¬°±q¥DÆ[ªº¨¤«×¨Ó»¡¡A¥L©Ò¾Ç¨ìªºª¾ÃѤw¸g¦¨¬°¾ú¥v¡C

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¡@¡@How, indeed, can Philosophy be learned? Every philosophical thinker builds his own work on the ruins, so to speak, of another; but nothing has ever been built that could be permanent in all its parts. It is, therefore, impossible to learn philosophy, even for this reason, that it does not yet exist. But even supposing that there were a philosophy actually existing, yet no one who learned it could say of himself that he was a philosopher, for his knowledge of it would still be only subjectively historical.)

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¡@¡@­õ¾Çªº¶Ç©Ó©Ê¤§©Ò¥H¤£¦p¨ä¥¦ªº¨ãÅé¾Ç¬ì¤ºªº¶Ç©Ó©Ê¹ï¤_¾Ç¬ìªºµo®i¨Óªº¨º»ò­«­n¤S«ê«ê¬O¥Ñ¥¦ªº¥t¤@·½¬u¡]§Y²{¹ê¥Í¬¡¡^¹ï¤_­õ¾Çµo®iªº­«­n©Ê©Ò¨M©wªº¡C­õ¾Ç²z½×ªº¤@¤j¯SÂI¬O¤£»Ý­n¦³½ÆÂøªº¼Æ¾Ç±À¾É©Î¨Ì¿à¤_³]³Æ±ø¥óªº¹êÅç¤Î¦ÛµMÆ[´ú¡A¥¦ªºª½±µ¯À§÷´N¬O¨Ó¦Û¤_²{¹ê¥Í¬¡¤Î¨ä©Ò¯A¤ÎªºÅÞ¿èÃöÁp¡CºÉºÞ¾ú¥v¤Wªº­õ¾Ç¦¨ªG¥i¥HÀ°§U¶}±Ò«á¨Ó¤Hªº«ä¸ô¡A¦ý¬O¤H­Ì¤£»Ý­n¶H¹B¥Î¤û¹y©w«ß¨º¼Ë¦a±q¤w¦³ªº­õ¾Ç²z½×¤¤±À¾É¥X·sªº­õ¾Ç²z½×¡F¬ÛÀ³¦a¡A­õ¾Ç¬O¤@ªù¶}©ñªº¾Ç¬ì¡A¥¦¤£¦s¦b¤@­Ó¶H¼Æ¾Ç©Î¦ÛµM¬ì¾Ç¤¤ªºÄY®æªº¤½²zªº©Î¼Æ¾Úªº®Ø¬[©Î¾Þ§@ªº³W«h¬yµ{¡A¥¦¬Æ¦Ü¤£¨ã³ÆÃÀ³N¨º¼Ëªºª½±µ¨ë¿E¤H­Ì·P©xªºªí²{§Î¦¡¤Î¹F¨ì¨º¼Ëªºªí²{§Î¦¡©Ò»Ý­nªº§Þ³N©M§÷®Æ¡A³o¨Ï±o­õ¾Ç¬J¬O³ÌÃø§â´¤ªº¤@ªù¾Ç¬ì¤S¬O³Ì®e©ö²V¨Æ¨Ã³q¹L²V¨Æ¦b¨ä¤¤µo¹Fªº¾Ç¬ì¡A¬J¬O¹ï¤HÃþªÀ·|¹ê½îªºµ²ªG¦³µÛµLªk¦^Áתº¤ä°t©M¼vÅTªº¾Ç¬ì¡A¤S¬O¤@­ÓÁöµM¥R¥¸µÛµê¤Û»PÂÕ»~«o¤£·|³y¦¨Àþ¶¡ªºÃz¬µ©Ê¨aÃø¦]¦ÓÅý¤Hı±o¤£¯k¤£Äo¦Ó¤£©ö¹îı¤°»ò¦a¤è¥X¤F®t¿ù©Î¤°»ò®É­Ô°g¥¢¤F¤è¦Vªº¾Ç¬ì¡C

3. ¨âºØ¾É­P­õ¾Ç°I°hªº¥D­n¦]¯À

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¡@¡@¦è¤è¥D¬y±M·~­õ¾Ç¤§©Ò¥H·|¨«¨ì¤µ¤Ñ³o­Ó¦¡·Lªº¦a¨B¨ä­º­n­ì¦]ÁÙ¬O¥H©¹ªº­õ¾Ç¦¨ªG¤¤ªº¤£¨¬¡C¦Ó­õ¾Ç¦¨ªG¤¤ªº¤£¨¬¤S¥]¬A¤F¨â­Ó¤è­±¡A²Ä¤@ºØ¤£¨¬§Y«e­±´£¨ìªº±d¼w©Ò«ü¥Xªº¥H©¹ªº­õ¾Ç¦¨´N¦b³y´N·s­õ¾Ç¤Wªº¥ý¤Ñªº¤£¨¬¡A²Ä¤GºØ«h¬O¤w¦³ªº­õ¾Ç²z½×ªº¤º®e¹ï¤_¶i¤@¨Bµo®iªº¨Ñµ¹¤Wªº¤£¨¬¡A·íµM³o¥»¨­´N¥]§t¤FÅÞ¿è¤Wªº¤í¯Ê¡C³o¨âºØ¤£¨¬¬J¦³ÃöÁp¤S¦b·N¸q¤W¤£ºÉ¬Û¦P¡C¦pªG¤w¦³ªº­õ¾Ç²z½×¹ï¤_¶i¤@¨Bªºµo®i¯à°÷´£¨Ñ¥R¤ÀªºÀ°§Uªº¸Ü¡A¦ÛµM¤]´N¤£¦s¦b±d¼w©Ò«ü¥Xªº¤£¨¬¡C¦ý¬O¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¾ú¥v¤Wªº­õ¾Ç²z½×¦b¤º®e¤Wªº¤£¨¬¤S¦³¨ä¤£¦P¤_¨ä¥¦¾Ç¬ìªº¦Û¨­ªº¯SÂI¡A©Ò¥H¦³¥²­n¹ï¤§¦³¯S§Oªº»{ÃÑ¡CÃö¤_¦è¤è­õ¾Ç¡AÃh¯S®ü»¡¹L³o¼Ë¤@¥y¦W¨¥7 :

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¡@¡@The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato.)

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2 On My Philosophy, K Jaspers, 1941, URL: https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/jaspers.htm

3 The End of Philosophy and the Task of Thinking, by M Heidegger, 1969 URL¡Ghttp://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/heidegger8a.htm

4 ±d¼w¦b¥Lªº¡m¯Âºé²z©Ê§å§P¡n¤¤°µ¹L³o¼Ëªº«Å§i¡G§Î¦Ó¤W¾Ç¡A®Ú¾Ú§Ú±N­nÁ¿­z·§©À¡A¬O©Ò¦³¾Ç¬ì¤¤°ß¤@¥i¥H¥Ñ§Ú­Ì¨Ó¹ý©³§¹¦¨¦Ó¤£¯dµ¹«á¤H¥ô¦ó¥iµo®iªº¾l¦aªº¤@ªù¡A¥L­Ì°ß¤@¥i°µªº¶È¶È¬O¤£½×¥X¤_¤°»ò¥Øªº¦Ó±Ð¾É§Î¦Ó¤W¾Ç---¥L­Ì±NµLªkµ¹§Î¦Ó¤W¾Ç²K¥[¥ô¦ó·sªº¤º®e¡C¡]©Î¦Ü¤Ö¬O°ß¤@ªº¤@ªù¥i¥H¦b¸ûµu®É¶¡¤º¤£»Ý­nªá¤Ó¦h§V¤O´N¯à§¹¦¨ªº¾Ç¬ì¡AºÉºÞ³o¨Ç§V¤O¤@©w¬O¦³­p¹º©M¨ó½Õ¦nªº¡C¡^

­^Ķ­ì¤å¡GMetaphysics, according to the concept of it that I shall present, is the only one of all the sciences that can be made so complete that there¡¦s nothing left for our descendants to do but teach it for whatever purposes they have¡Xnot being able to add anything to its content. (Or at least the only one of the sciences for which this can be done in a quite short time and with not much effort¡Xthough the effort must be concerted.)

------------ Critique of Pure Reason, by I Kant, 1787 URL: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/kant1781part1.pdf

5 Science of Logic, by G Hegel , 1816, URL: http://ir.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/119596/775416ffb6281bddd4e6cec4f2d83c24.pdf

6 Introduction to Logic, by I Kant, URL: https://archive.org/stream/kantsintroductio00kantuoft/kantsintroductio00kantuoft_djvu.txt

7 Process and Reality -- An Essay in Cosmology, by AN Whitehead, URL: https://archive.org/stream/AlfredNorthWhiteheadProcessAndReality/Alfred%20North%20Whitehead%20-%20Process%20and%20Reality_djvu.txt

8 A Short Introduction to the Paradoxical and Dynamic Nature of Fairness, by R. Dai, 2016, J. Civil & Legal Sciences, URL: http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/a-short-introduction-to-the-paradoxical-and-dynamic-nature-of-fairness-2169-0170-1000168.php?aid=66991

9 A brief discussion on fairness analysis, by R. Dai, 2015, Outskirts Press.

10 The Grand Design: New Answers to the Ultimate Questions of Life¡Aby S Hawking and L Mlodinow,2010, London: Bantam Press, 2010

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